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Pluralism is a term used in philosophy, meaning "doctrine of multiplicity", often used in opposition to monism ("doctrine of unity") and dualism ("doctrine of duality"). The term has different meanings in metaphysics, ontology, and epistemology. |
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In metaphysics, pluralism is a doctrine that there is more than one reality, while realism holds that there is but one reality, that may have single objective ontology or plural ontology. In one form, it is a doctrine that many substances exist, in contrast with monism which holds existence to be a single substance, often either matter (materialism) or mind (idealism), and dualism believes two substances, such as matter and mind, to be necessary. |
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In ontology, pluralism refers to different ways, kinds, or modes of being. For example, a topic in ontological pluralism is the comparison of the modes of existence of things like 'humans' and 'cars' with things like 'numbers' and some other concepts as they are used in science.[1] |
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In epistemology, pluralism is the position that there is not one consistent means of approaching truths about the world, but rather many. Often this is associated with pragmatism, or conceptual, contextual, or cultural relativism. |
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Methodological pluralism, the view that some phenomena observed in science and social science require multiple methods to account for their nature |
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Scientific pluralism, the view that some phenomena observed in science require multiple explanations to account for their nature |
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Epistemological pluralism, methodologies for determining what we know – a set of untold truths about the world. |
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In the philosophy of science epistemological pluralism arose in opposition to reductionism to express the contrary view that at least some natural phenomena cannot be fully explained by a single theory or fully investigated using a single approach |
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ontological pluralism (that examines what exists in each of these realms) and epistemological pluralism (that deals with the methodology for establishing knowledge about these realms). |
Pluralizmin digger cesitleri ile ilgili asagidaki linke bakabilirsiniz.
Evrensel-Insan - Yapılandırmacı Epistemoloji/Bilişsel Bilim/Qua Felsefesi/Serbest Düşünce/Devrimci Sorgulama/Zihinsel Devrim - Evrensel-Insan Zihniyeti
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